Τρίτη, Ιουλίου 31, 2007

Γερμανία 1918 - 1921: "Τα αβέβαια βήματα μιας νεαρής δημοκρατίας"

Γερμανοί: οι ηττημένοι του μεγάλου πολέμου.
Οι νικητές τους τα παίρνουν όλα και για αντάλλαγμα τους
πετούν το ξεροκόμματο της Δημοκρατίας της Βαϊμάρης.
Η ιδρυτική πράξη της (σαν σήμερα το 1919) συνοδεύτηκε
από τρομερές πολιτικές , κοινωνικές και οικονομικές ανακατατάξεις
στο λαβωμένο και ταπεινωμένο γερμανικό χώρο,
οι οποίες τελικά θα προκαλέσουν το θάνατό της ύστερα
από 14 χρόνια , με την άνοδο του Χίτλερ στην εξουσία.

Στο αποκαλυπτικότατο ντοκιμαντέρ που παραθέτουμε
διακρίνει κανείς γνώριμες "φάτσες" από όσα συγκλονιστικά
θα συνταράξουν τον κόσμο μετά από δύο δεκαετίες.

Η Δημοκρατία της Βαϊμάρης ήταν το αβγό του φιδιού,
απ' όπου θα ξεπεταγόταν το τέρας του ναζισμού.
Η Κλειώ δε θα ήθελε με τίποτα να ζούσε εκείνα τα χρόνια...
***

With the loss of the war, the German monarchy came to an end and a republic was proclaimed. A constitution was written providing for a President with broad political and military power and a parliamentary democracy. A national election was held to elect 423 deputies to the National Assembly. The centrist parties swept to victory. The result was what is known as the Weimar Republic. On June 28, 1919, the German government ratified the Treaty of Versailles. Under the terms of the treaty which ended hostilities in the War, Germany had to pay reparations for all civilian damages caused by the war. Germany also lost her colonies and large portions of German territory. A 30-mile strip on the right bank of the Rhine was demilitarized. Limits were placed on German armaments and military strength. The terms of the treaty were humiliating to most Germans, and condemnation of its terms undermined the government and served as a rallying cry for those who like Hitler believed Germany was ultimately destined for greatness.
Soon after the war, Hitler was recruited to join a military intelligence unit, and was assigned to keep tabs on the German Worker's Party. At the time, it was comprised of only a handful of members. It was disorganized and had no program, but its members expressed a right-wing doctrine consonant with Hitler's. He saw this party as a vehicle to reach his political ends. His blossoming hatred of the Jews became part of the organization's political platform. Hitler built up the party, converting it from a de facto discussion group to an actual political party. Advertising for the party's meetings appeared in anti-Semitic newspapers. The turning point of Hitler's mesmerizing oratorical career occurred at one such meeting held on October 16, 1919. Hitler's emotional delivery of an impromptu speech captivated his audience. Through word of mouth, donations poured into the party's coffers, and subsequent mass meetings attracted hundreds of Germans eager to hear the young, forceful and hypnotic leader.
With the assistance of party staff, Hitler drafted a party program consisting of twenty-five points. This platform was presented at a public meeting on February 24, 1920, with over 2,000 eager participants. After hecklers were forcibly removed by Hitler supporters armed with rubber truncheons and whips, Hitler electrified the audience with his masterful demagoguery. Jews were the principal target of his diatribe. Among the 25 points were revoking the Versailles Treaty, confiscating war profits, expropriating land without compensation for use by the state, revoking civil rights for Jews, and expelling those Jews who had emigrated into Germany after the war began.
The following day, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion were published in the local anti-Semitic newspaper. The false, but alarming accusations reinforced Hitler's anti-Semitism. Soon after, treatment of the Jews was a major theme of Hitler's orations, and the increasing scapegoating of the Jews for inflation, political instability, unemployment, and the humiliation in the war, found a willing audience. Jews were tied to "internationalism" by Hitler. The name of the party was changed to the National Socialist German Worker's party, and the red flag with the swastika was adopted as the party symbol. A local newspaper which appealed to anti-Semites was on the verge of bankruptcy, and Hitler raised funds to purchase it for the party.
In January 1923, French and Belgian troops marched into Germany to settle a reparations dispute. Germans resented this occupation, which also had an adverse effect on the economy. Hitler's party benefited by the reaction to this development, and exploited it by holding mass protest rallies despite a ban on such rallies by the local police.
The Nazi party began drawing thousands of new members, many of whom were victims of hyper-inflation and found comfort in blaming the Jews for this trouble. The price of an egg, for example, had inflated to 30 million times its original price in just 10 years. Economic upheaval generally breeds political upheaval, and Germany in the 1920s was no exception.

Δεν υπάρχουν σχόλια:

Καναδή ακτιβίστρια προς Μητσοτάκη: «Θα έπρεπε να ντρέπεστε, έχετε το αίμα 14.000 παιδιών από την Παλαιστίνη στα χέρια σας. Πώς μπορείτε να κοιτάζετε τον εαυτό σας στον καθρέπτη; Το Ισραήλ είναι τρομοκρατικό κράτος»

  Με μια ακτιβίστρια υπέρ της Παλαιστίνης βρέθηκε αντιμέτωπος ο Κυριάκος Μητσοτάκης στον Καναδά, κατά τη διάρκεια της παραμονής του στη χώρα...